Europe was
overrun by gangs of nobles that preferred to plunder and kill than better
society. At the same time, most kingdoms were weak. Meanwhile, the Muslims had
expanded to Europe’s door. They would try over the course of 1,000 years to
subjugate the continent. Charles Martel defeated the invaders at Tours in the 8th
century. Pope Urban II decided to try to unite Europeans behind a cause and
defend Christendom’s borders against the Muslims by declaring a crusade. Nearly 40,000 men marched to the Holy Land,
captured Jerusalem, and established colonies in the region.
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