Superman's success led to imitators. Bob Kane invented Batman in 1939. Bruce Wayne witnessed his parents' murder and swore vengeance against criminals. Kane took inspiration from Zorro, Robert Bruce, Mad Anthony Wayne, the Shadow, and Sherlock Holmes. Over the years, Batman became a cultural phenomenon in comics, radio, movies, and television.The early stories were gritty and violent. Censors forced publishers to clean them up. Before Marvel Comics arrived to challenge the DC Universe, Batman was relegated to playing baseball with Superman. By the eighties, the character appeared tired when Frank Miller reinvigorated the Bat with The Dark Knight Returns. Wayne and Batman returned to a primal, darker place as did the villains.
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